Look at the top right of the screen. The icons there are the tray: Wi-Fi, battery, the clock, Control Centre (the two toggles icon, which opens a panel like the Windows quick settings), and one icon per app that runs in the background.
- Rearrange or remove: hold ⌘ and drag an icon. Dragging it out of the menu bar removes it.
- Add the missing ones: System Settings → Control Centre lists Bluetooth, Sound, battery percentage, the clock's date and weekday, and more, each with "Show in Menu Bar".
- Notifications: click the date and time. Notification Centre slides in with the day's notifications and widgets. Focus modes are Do Not Disturb, in Control Centre.
- Overflow: when a MacBook's notch hides icons, macOS just drops them. Free tools add an overflow menu like the taskbar's arrow.
The menu bar is also where an app's menus live: File, Edit, View and the rest belong to the app whose name appears at the top left, not to any window.